495 disc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

495 circle - Assignment Example The capacity to pick your flat mate and approach TV and DVD player is extremely luring. Understudies like having some good times and getting to such offices along with the opportunity is incredible. Accessibility of the housekeeper give understudies more opportunity to concentrate on the efficiency of the organization. In accordance with the week’s readings, Qualcomm joined Maslow pecking order of requirements hypothesis as a representative persuasive and maintenance instrument. It attempts to address the issue s of the assistants so as to make the spurred and have enthusiasm for working for the organization in future (Montana and Charnov, 2008). Through the installment, the organization achieves the physiological and security need of its understudies. Offering the assistants the chance to pick their flat mates in the completely outfitted houses assist them with meeting their social needs. The methodologies embraced by Qualcomm make the understudies agreeable. Odds of mentioning maintenance to work for the organization are

Analyse how students at the University of Gloucestershire can take Essay

Break down how understudies at the University of Gloucestershire can make the most of the open doors offered to build up their employability abilities - Essay Example accumulated that desire for businesses has moved from scholarly outcome and degree to employability aptitudes, for example, cooperation, administration, uplifting disposition and inspiration and relative work understanding (Snowden, 2011; Mason, Williams and Cranmer, 2006). The UK work industry is developing quickly and radical change has been seen sought after of gifted workforce in recent years. In any case, it was seen in overviews that UK colleges are making frail commitment in such manner. It was accumulated that 50percent or more overviewed graduates asserted that their colleges didn't take adequate measures to build up their employability abilities (Weinstein, 2014). The UK colleges make yearly commitment of  £59 billion towards the economy and are basically liable for creating high gifted workforce, bestowing non-scholastic abilities, for example, development and preparing and increasing expectation of training (Snowden, 2011). The paper evaluates and basically inspects the open doors that are being introduced to graduates by University of Gloucestershire for building up their employability abilities and suggestions have been given likewise. Employability abilities are alluded to set of credits that causes people to react precisely to the changing condition of working environment and to make constructive commitment towards hierarchical achievement and self-awareness and improvement. Employability aptitudes convey advantages to bosses just as representatives and incorporate abilities, for example, self-administration, responsibility, time the executives, group working, customer mindfulness and consciousness of business condition, critical thinking, inspirational demeanor, enterprise, correspondence expertise and logical expertise (CBI, 2009; Mason, Williams and Cranmer, 2006). Businesses make substantial interest in creating abilities among newcomers by methods for preparing and improvement post joining. In any case, the degree of essential desires has expanded throughout the years. Directly, they need people to

Philip Morris USA v. Williams. Brief facts Case Study

Philip Morris USA v. Williams. Brief realities - Case Study Example At beginning preliminary the jury granted her $821,485.50 as compensatory harms and $79.5 million as reformatory harms for the situation. Be that as it may, the preliminary court on an intrigue diminished the sums to $521,485.50 and $32 million separately. On a converse intrigue the Oregon Court of Appeals turned around the preliminary courts choice and maintained the prior sum granted by the jury as remuneration. The Supreme Court of United States allowed certiorari for the situation, abandoned the Court of Appeals judgment and sent back the case to a similar court of enticement to reexamine the measure of corrective harms granted for the situation. Specifically Supreme Court alluding to the fair treatment statement of the fourteenth amendment declined to concede corrective harms to people who were not part of case. In a third intrigue under the watchful eye of the Supreme Court by Philips Morris the court remanded the case back for re-preliminary. The fundamental issues under the watchful eye of the jury, preliminary court, court of bid and the incomparable court were differed. The Court needed to conclude that if compensatory and corrective harms are made out for the situation and on the off chance that they are viable and to be granted, at that point to what degree. Ans. The essential locale in this lied till the Court of Appeal in the territory of Oregon. ... Ans. The case had been in the suit procedure for a long time. 3. What is locale according to this case Ans. The fundamental purview in this lied till the Court of Appeal in the territory of Oregon. The expired and the offended party had a place with that state. After that on further intrigue and survey petitions the case was attempted by the Supreme Court of United States. 4. What is the connection between the court framework, prosecution procedure, and purview Ans. There is a triple connection between the court framework, suit procedure and ward. In the event that we take the case of the current case, at that point we see that the perished and the Plaintiff(his spouse) lived in the State of Oregon, so the purview of the area court lied in there case. Ward is of three sorts. Individual, Territorial and Subject issue. For this situation the regional locale was made out. The Court framework is partitioned by the purview of a State. First it's the preliminary Court of the State, at that point the Court of Appeal and further it can likewise be Supreme Court. The suit procedure is supposed to be begun from the preliminary Court and can go up to Supreme Court till a ultimate choice has not been shown up at. References www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/03/AR2008120303377.html

A Case for Technical Grammar Skills

A Case for Technical Grammar Skills A Case for Technical Grammar Skills A Case for Technical Grammar Skills By Mark Nichol While I was examining English in school (I later picked a progressively functional course of study, and graduated with a degree in theater expressions), one of the classes I took managed punctuation. The professor’s academic methodology? Pass out mimeographed duplicates of his original copy for a language structure course reading do you want to cell based date the year I took this class? what's more, burn through a large portion of every meeting trudging through a couple of pages, soliciting understudies to distinguish the part from discourse of each word not in incidental activities, in light of the fact that there weren’t any, yet in the instructional content itself. This was a greatly exhausting activity for me (I never surveyed colleagues about their conclusion), and the repetition training system was to some degree astonishing, as well, in light of the fact that the teacher was a connecting with individual who was additionally a main entertainer with an unmistakable provincial venue organization. Truth be told, however, it may appear the perfect way to deal with somebody acclimated with meticulously retaining lines in anticipation of attempting a job. (For me, who later invested significant energy doing likewise, it had an unreasonable rationale to it.) It didn’t work for me, however. I got through the class, yet with just a questionable handle of punctuation, and years after the fact, well along in my publication vocation, I was as yet precarious on the contrast among descriptive words and verb modifiers. Does that truly make a difference? Is an order of grammatical features fundamental for journalists and editors? Truly, and no. Some DailyWritingTips.com guests acclaim me for composing posts about sentence structure. Others reprimand me for exhausting them with similar sections. By a similar token, my professor’s performer way to deal with learning more likely than not appeared to be perfect to a portion of my cohorts, even as I stayed there morosely withdrew, getting a few grammatical forms right be that as it may, as I missed, more than I hit. Along these lines, despite the fact that I have depended all through my vocation on an increasingly all encompassing way to deal with molding or reshaping my composition and that of others, heeding my gut feelings to realize in the case of something understands well or requires (or is at any rate improved by) update, I have likewise obtained a lot of specialized information about punctuation, and have profited by this store of legend. Another issue in the assortment of reactions to my posts about specialized issues is that some site guests are more experienced than others; an ongoing pundit distinguished himself as a previous teacher of school level English. However, for each resigned academician, numerous perusers are sprouting essayists, would-be editors, and those for whom English isn't their first language. In view of this uniqueness, I attempt to not just spread a wide assortment of themes (language structure, use, style, strategy, vocations, and so forth.) yet additionally talk about subjects with shifting degrees of intricacy. At the end of the day, I attempt to satisfy a portion of the individuals a portion of the time, which I believe is all the better I can do. What's more, the tip for the afternoon? Despite the fact that I don't recall my sentence structure class affectionately, I do think it latently affected my craving to comprehend the mechanics of language, which I had never thought of (aside from in detachment, while finishing a worksheet in a precollegiate English class). Along these lines, regardless of whether you consider yourself an all encompassing student, as opposed to an in fact slanted one, know your language jargon (like the contrast between a dangling modifier and a lost modifier), and attempt to envision sentences as machines whose parts can for the most part be organized in more than way yet are regularly found, in one’s composition or understanding encounters, broken and anticipating fix (or damned, on the printed page, to an unending mess). Depend on your Zen way to deal with making or reshaping writing in the event that it works for you, yet realize your devices too. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:What is the Difference Between These and Those?Cannot or Can Not?Sit versus Set

How Does the Author, Robert Louis Stevenson, Present Good and Evil in his Novel ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’? Essay

The epic ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ was written in the late nineteenth century (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson who initially started to examine designing just with the point of following his father’s strides. In any case, Stevenson who had not so much needed to examine building, traded off with his dad and chose to contemplate law. In spite of the fact that he ‘passed advocate’ he didn't provide legal counsel as he had just chosen to turn into an author. Following his fantasy, he decided to go to France to be in the organization of some different specialists, journalists and painters. He later distributed volumes of composing which were viewed as a portion of his best. Following Stevenson’s ‘inland voyage’ in 1876 he met his future spouse, Fanny who changed a mind-blowing remainder. He was a quarter century old enough and she was a thirty-six years of age free American ‘new woman’ isolated from her better half with two kids. After two years, Fanny chose to get a separation from her significant other and Stevenson set for California so as to be with Fanny. This was the place he composed his hair-raising books. The tale is set in the nineteenth century Victorian Era in â€Å"the nighttime boulevards of London† when religion was more viewed than science. Notwithstanding, the mechanical upset at that point expanded the significance of science gradually pushing out religion. This tale falls into the class of riddle and gothic frightfulness. Gothic ghastliness which regularly has nightmarish characteristics and is typically based around the clouded side of human instinct is a classification which by and large uses phenomenal settings far expelled from reality so as to offer an awkward remark about society. The epic ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelly was another well known gothic loathsomeness which impacted Stevenson as the two books are about egotistical makers (Jekyll and Dr. Frankenstein) who are devastated by their manifestations (Hyde and the beast). The class of the book is additionally sci-fi. As Stevenson was impacted by Sir Charles Robert Darwin, a British researcher who established the cutting edge framework of the advancement hypothesis, he utilized statements alluding to creatures which are less developed animals than man. In addition, Stevenson was impacted by Sigmund Freud whose hypothesis expressed that everybody is comprised of at least two clashing characters. During those occasions repulsiveness books were phenomenal and along these lines, this book carried dread into the hearts of every one of the individuals who read it. Numerous perusers were astonished when Stevenson composed this novel as there was a huge differentiation between ‘Treasure Island’, an anecdote about individuals on an experience and ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, a Victorian horrifying gothic frightfulness. The book mirrored his two parts, the two differentiating sides of his spirit, his Yin and Yang (Chinese image demonstrating different sides of something: great and insidiousness). The book is determined to the duality of decency, which is gotten from Stevenson’s youth. The principle topics of the book are the duality and struggle among great and wickedness. At the point when Stevenson was youthful he lived in the new piece of Edinburgh with decent, devout, moderately aged men. Every now and then, be that as it may, R.L. Stevenson went to the rottenness of massage parlors and obscurity. His character and life reflect Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde; Jekyll being the regarded figure while Hyde is the malevolence grimy side of him. Numerous individuals during the Victorian occasions put stock in physiognomy (the utilization of facial highlights to judge somebody’s character or demeanor) and in this manner Hyde would have been thought of as insidious in view of his appearance. Physiognomy was a pseudo science as we realize that one’s appearance doesn't pass judgment on the character of that individual. Charles Robert Darwin was turning out to be well known due to his speculations of development and common choice. Like a few researchers before him, Darwin accepted all the life on earth advanced more than a huge number of years from a couple of normal predecessors. Stevenson who was impacted by Darwin utilizes numerous portrayals of his characters to creature conduct. For instance, he alludes to Hyde’s outrage â€Å"with primate like fury† saying that Hyde resembles an animal who has not completely developed. There was an unbending various leveled class framework during those occasions. On the highest point of the order would be the prominent rich class, for example, Dr Jekyll, Dr Lanyon, Sir Danvers Carew and Mr Utterson. Cash and occupation would decide one’s status in the chain of command. Lower than the rich class would be the head servant, Poole followed by the blade kid and the house keeper. At long last, the most minimal class would be the whores who offered their poise to gain a living. The story is about a regarded, prominent researcher called Dr Jekyll who accepts that the human spirit is made of two inverse creatures; great and malice. He finds a mixture that can isolate the two creatures, permitting him to change into the clouded side of Mr Hyde, short, all around fabricated, and having a malevolent appearance, and afterward once again into his great, way some side. He can change voluntarily utilizing the medication. Following Mr Hyde killing Sir Danvers Carew, Jekyll chooses to quit changing into Mr Hyde as he currently understands the risk being Mr Hyde causes. In the long run, Mr Hyde gets more grounded and slaughters Dr Jekyll. The legal counselor, Mr Utterson researches the impossible to miss circumstance. At last, when Mr Hyde is going to be gotten he ends it all and the unusual story of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is unfurled to Mr Utterson. Dr Jekyll was a rich and regarded man depicted as having some â€Å"kindness† in his body telling the peruser he is acceptable. He was strict and he had â€Å"copy of devout work for which Jekyll had a few times communicated incredible esteem†. He accepted that he was as yet a man of his word as it was Hyde whom Jekyll portrayed as â€Å"pure evil†. Dr Jekyll was depicted as â€Å"a enormous man†, â€Å"a smooth-confronted man of fifty† and his hand is portrayed as â€Å"professional fit as a fiddle and size†, â€Å"large†, â€Å"firm† and â€Å"white†. Mr Hyde, the insidious side of Dr Jekyll, is portrayed as being â€Å"deformed somewhere† yet a large number of the characters â€Å"cannot determine the point† of where the disfigurement is. This is the reason Hyde is so unpleasant and as physiognomy was emphatically put stock in, for Hyde’s appearance to be so horrible he probably been insidious. As the individuals don't have a clue how to portray the insidious which is seen in Hyde they depict it as a disfigurement. He is likewise portrayed as â€Å"hardly human† and â€Å"like Satan† demonstrating the degree of his underhanded appearance. Hyde was â€Å"dwarfish†, youthful and his hand was â€Å"lean, corded and knuckly†. Jekyll and Hyde are alternate extremes indicating malicious and great in their appearances and characters. Mr Utterson, a dependable and regarded legal advisor is portrayed as â€Å"backward in sentiment†. The creator lets us know of his objectivity and how he remains quiet about his feelings. Robert Louis Stevenson likewise specifies a â€Å"catholicity of good nature† and his double character. â€Å"When he was alone† he â€Å"drank gin† which was unlawful as indicated by Victorian laws however with respect to Mr Utterson, in addition to the fact that he liked Gin he drank â€Å"to humiliate a desire for vintages†. He is decent yet he sins. Little is thought about him all through the novel yet the peruser confides in him. His complete name ‘Gabriel John Utterson’ is emblematic of the Christian confidence as two of his names are characters from the book of scriptures which likewise causes us as perusers to have trust in him. Dr Lanyon, additionally a very much regarded man, is considered â€Å"hearty† and hence we realize he is a decent individual. There is nothing mysterious about him as we realize that he was a dear companion of Jekyll and that he knew about Jekyll’s tests which made him consider Jekyll the â€Å"devil†. Sir Danvers Carew was a Member of Parliament and extraordinarily regarded. He was given the respect of knighthood indicating his conscious situation in the public arena. It was colossal of Hyde to murder a â€Å"gentle† man for no evident explanation. Great and shrewdness are introduced in manners other than through the characters. Jekyll’s house has two negating sides, one very much kept up and the other ignored. The very much kept up side of the house is all around kept and is the main part guests see, though the other progressively mysterious side where visitors are not permitted to enter is grimy and disregarded. The not well kept up side that contains Dr Jekyll’s research center is the place Jekyll made the enchantment mixture parting the great and underhandedness of his spirit. Hyde’s discourse is one of the numerous gadgets which assists with indicating the peruser Mr Hyde’s malicious nature. His discourse and way is unique in relation to that of an honorable man. Talking in short sentences, being discourteous, never talking in a typical tone by either muttering or by raising his voice depicts his foul character. Another gadget utilized by Stevenson to feature the force of the accompanying part of the novel is the climate and setting. At the point when it is a fine day, nothing fiendish will occur though when the climate is awful, it is foreseen that something insidious is approaching. Before the homicide of Sir Danvers Carew the climate was depicted as â€Å"a mist turned over the city in the little hours†. The climate turns dismal not long before a fiasco strikes. This is rehashed all through the novel and it is utilized to cover Hyde including strain and riddle. The settings are again an inconsistency: Dr Jekyll lived around Regents Park, an amazingly affluent spot and Hyde lived in Soho, the more unfortunate piece of London, a territory loaded with whores. The two entryways of Jekyll and Hyde are additionally contrary energies which are utilized to depict the rich and poor class structure. The front entryway was supposed to be spotless, costly, new looking and all around kept up which is probably going to have been utilized by family, companions and other

Theory of Reasoned Action Definition, Explained, Examples

Theory of Reasoned Action Definition, Explained, Examples “At the l?w??t l?v?l ?f ?x?l?n?ti?n, th?r?f?r?, ????l? ?r? said t? perform a b?h?vi?r b???u?? th?? intend t? d? so, th?? have th? r?qui?it? skills and abilities, ?nd there are n? environmental ??n?tr?int? to prevent th?m fr?m carrying ?ut th?ir intentions (i.?., they h?v? f?v?r?bl? int?nti?n? ?nd actual b?h?vi?r?l control)”. Martin Fi?hb?in, Pr?di?ting ?nd Changing B?h?vi?r: Th? Reasoned Action Approach Lik? th? N?wt?n’s Third l?w ?f motion which states that F?r every action, th?r? i? ?n ??u?l ?nd ?????it? r???ti?n, th? th??r? ?f reasoned ??ti?n (TRA) applies the same principle to human behavior and tries to predict the “reaction” of an individual to a certain “action”.The Th??r? of Reasoned Action (TRA), fir?t developed in the late 1960s by M?rtin Fishbein ?nd revised ?nd expanded by Fi?hb?in and I??k Azj?n in the d???d?? th?t followed, i? a th??r? th?t f??u??? ?n a ??r??n? int?nti?n t? b?h?v? a ??rt?in w??.An int?nti?n i? a ?l?n ?r a likelihood th?t ??m??n? will b?h?v ? in a ??rti?ul?r w?? in ????ifi? situations wh?th?r or not th?? ??tu?ll? do ??.F?r ?x?m?l?, a person who i? thinking ?b?ut ?uitting smoking int?nd? or ?l?n? t? ?uit, but may ?r may n?t ??tu?ll? f?ll?w through on th?t int?nt.To understand b?h?vi?r?l intent, which is ???n ?? th? m?in determinant ?f b?h?vi?r, th? TRA looks at a ??r??n? (?r ???ul?ti?n?) ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? th?t behavior ?? w?ll ?? the ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? ?f influential ????l? ?nd gr?u?? th?t could influ?n?? th??? ?ttitud??.Over the years the theory has helped to understand ?n individuals v?lunt?r? b?h?vi?r. The ideas found within th? th??r? ?f r????n?d action h?v? t? d? with ?n individu?l? b??i? m?tiv?ti?n t? perform ?n action.As stated earlier, TRA says that a ??r??n? intention t? ??rf?rm a behavior i? th? main predictor ?f wh?th?r ?r n?t they ??tu?ll? perform th?t b?h?vi?r. A???rding t? th? th??r?, intention to perform a ??rt?in behavior ?r???d?? the ??tu?l b?h?vi?r.Thi? intention i? known as b?h?vi?r?l intention ?nd ??m ?? ?? a result ?f a b?li?f that ??rf?rming th? behavior will lead to a ????ifi? ?ut??m?.Behavioral intention i? im??rt?nt to th? th??r? because these int?nti?n? ?r? d?t?rmin?d b? ?ttitud?? t? b?h?vi?r? and subjective norms.Th? th??r? ?f reasoned action suggests th?t stronger int?nti?n? lead t? increased effort t? ??rf?rm th? behavior, whi?h ?l?? increases the lik?lih??d f?r th? b?h?vi?r t? be ??rf?rm?d.Th? th??r? of planned b?h?vi?r ?n Extension fr?m th? th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?nThe th??r? ?t?t?? th?t ?ttitud? t?w?rd behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral ??ntr?l, together ?h??? ?n individu?l? b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n? and behaviors.The th??r? ?f ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r w?? proposed by Icek Ajz?n in 1985 thr?ugh his article Fr?m intentions t? ??ti?n?: A th??r? of ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r. The theory was d?v?l???d from th? th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n, which w?? proposed b? Martin Fi?hb?in t?g?th?r with I??k Ajz?n in 1980.Th? th??r? ?f reasoned ??ti?n was in turn grounded in v?ri?u? th??ri?? ?f ?ttitud? ?u?h ?? l??rning th??ri??, expectancy-value theories, ??n?i?t?n?? th??ri?? (such as H?id?r? b?l?n?? theory, O?g??d ?nd Tannenbaums ??ngruit? th??r?, ?nd F??ting?r? dissonance th??r?) ?nd ?ttributi?n theory.A???rding t? th? th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n, if ????l? evaluate th? suggested behavior ?? positive (?ttitud?), ?nd if th?? think their ?ignifi??nt ?th?r? w?nt them t? ??rf?rm th? b?h?vi?r (?ubj??tiv? n?rm), thi? r??ult? in a high?r int?nti?n (m?tiv?ti?n?) and they ?r? more likely to d? ??.A high correlation of attitudes ?nd ?ubj??tiv? norms to b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n, and ?ub???u?ntl? t? behavior, h?? b??n confirmed in m?n? studies.A ??unt?r-?rgum?nt ?g?in?t th? high r?l?ti?n?hi? between behavioral intention ?nd ??tu?l b?h?vi?r h?? ?l?? b??n proposed, ?? th? r??ult? ?f ??m? studies ?h?w th?t because ?f ?ir?um?t?nti?l limitations, behavioral int?nti?n d??? n?t ?lw??? l??d t? ??tu?l b?h?vi?r.Namely, ?in?? b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n ??nn?t b? th? ?x?lu?iv? d?t?rmin?nt ?f b?h?vi?r wh?r? ?n individu?l? ??ntr?l over th? behavior i? in??m?l?t?, Ajz?n introduced th? theory ?f planned behavior b? adding a n?w component, ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l.B? this, h? extended th? th??r? ?f r????n?d action to ??v?r non-volitional b?h?vi?r? f?r ?r?di?ting behavioral intention ?nd actual behavior.Th? m??t r???nt addition ?f a third f??t?r, ??r??iv?d behavioral control, r?f?r? t? th? d?gr?? t? which a ??r??n believes th?t they ??ntr?l ?n? given b?h?vi?r (class notes).The th??r? ?f ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r suggests that people ?r? much m?r? lik?l? t? int?nd t? ?n??t ??rt?in behaviors wh?n th?? f??l th?t th?? ??n enact th?m successfully. Increased ??r??iv?d behavioral ??ntr?l i? a mix of tw? dimensions: ??lf-?ffi???? and controllability (170).S?lf-?ffi???? refers to the l?v?l of difficulty that i? required t? perform the b?h?vi?r, ?r ?n?? belief in th?ir own ability t? ?u????d in ??rf?rming th? b?h?vi?r.Controllability refers to the ?ut?id? f??t?r?, and ones b?li?f th?t they personall y have ??ntr?l ?v?r th? performance of the b?h?vi?r, ?r if it i? controlled b? externally, un??ntr?ll?bl? f??t?r?. If a ??r??n h?? high ??r??iv?d behavioral ??ntr?l, th?n th?? h?v? ?n increased ??nfid?n?? th?t they ?r? ????bl? ?f ??rf?rming th? ????ifi? behavior successfully.The theory h?? ?in?? been improved and renamed the reasoned action approach b? Azjen ?nd hi? ??ll??gu? M?rtin Fi?hb?in.In ??it? of the im?r?v?m?nt, it is ?ugg??t?d that TRA ?nd TPB only provides ?n account ?f the d?t?rmin?nt? ?f b?h?vi?r wh?n b?th m?tiv?ti?n ?nd ????rtunit? t? ?r????? inf?rm?ti?n ?r? high. Furth?r research d?m?n?tr?ting the casual r?l?ti?n?hi?? among th? variables in TPB ?nd ?n? expansions ?f it is ?l??rl? necessary. Th? m?d?l also m?nti?n? littl? ?b?ut the m?m?r? processA???rding to the theory of reasoned action, th? ?ttitud? ?f a ??r??n t?w?rd? a b?h?vi?r is d?t?rmin?d by his b?li?f? ?n th? consequences ?f this b?h?vi?r, multi?li?d b? his evaluation ?f th??? consequences.B?li?f? are d?fin?d by the person’s ?ubj??tiv? probability th?t ??rf?rming a ??rti?ul?r behavior will ?r?du?? specific results.Thi? model th?r?f?r? suggests th?t ?xt?rn?l ?timuli influ?n?? ?ttitud?? b? modifying the ?tru?tur? ?f the person’s beliefs.M?r??v?r, b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n is ?l?? determined b? th? ?ubj??tiv? norms that ?r? themselves d?t?rmin?d b? the n?rm?tiv? b?li?f? ?f ?n individu?l and by his m?tiv?ti?n t? ??m?l? to the n?rm?. COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF R????N?D ??TI?N Theory ?f R????n?d Action fr?m Davis, Bagozzi ?t W?r?h?w (1989), pg. 984B?h?vi?r?l intention i? a function ?f both ?ttitud?? ?nd ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? t?w?rd that behavior.H?w?v?r, the ?ttitud?? ?nd subjective n?rm? ?r? unlik?l? t? be w?ight?d ??u?ll? in predicting b?h?vi?r. D???nding on th? individu?l ?nd ?itu?ti?n, these f??t?r? might h?v? diff?r?nt impacts on behavioral intention, thu? a weight is ?????i?t?d with ???h of th??? factors.A few studies h?v? shown th?t dir??t prior ?x??ri?n?? with a ??rt?in ??tivit? results in an in?r????d weight ?n th? ?ttitud? component ?f th? behavior intention fun?ti?n.Th? th??r? ?l?? ?l?im? th?t ?ll ?th?r f??t?r? which influence th? b?h?vi?r ?nl? do so in ?n indir??t w?? b? influ?n?ing th? ?ttitud? or subjective n?rm?. Fishbein ?nd Ajz?n (1975) refer t? th??? factors ?? b?ing ?xt?rn?l variables. Th??? v?ri?bl?? ??n be f?r example, th? characteristics ?f th? t??k?, of th? int?rf??? or of the user, th? t??? ?f d?v?l??m?nt im?l?m?nt?ti?n, th? ??liti??l in flu?n???, th? ?rg?niz?ti?n?l ?tru?tur?, etc. (D?vi?, B?g?zzi and Warshaw, in 1989). A m?t?-?n?l??i? ?n th? application of the theory ?f r????n?d action showed th?t th? m?d?l ??n ?r?du?? g??d ?r?di?ti?n? ?f ?h?i??? made b? an individu?l when f??ing ??v?r?l ?lt?rn?tiv?? (Sheppard, Hartwick, ?nd Warshaw, in 1988).F?rmul?In it? ?im?l??t form, th? TRA can b? ?x?r????d as th? following equation:B?h?vi?r?l Int?nti?n = Attitude + Subj??tiv? n?rm?BI = (AB)W1 + (SN)W2Where the ??m??n?nt? whi?h ??n?tru?t th??r? ?f r????n?d action ?r?:BI = behavioral int?nti?n(AB) = ?n?? attitude t?w?rd performing th? b?h?vi?rW = ?m?iri??ll? derived w?ight?(SN) = ?n?? subjective n?rm related t? performing th? b?h?vi?rS?ur??: H?l?, Jerold; H?u??h?ld?r, Bri?n; Gr??n?, K?thr?n (2002). The Theory ?f Reasoned Action. The ??r?u??i?n h?ndb??k: D?v?l??m?nt? in th??r? and ?r??ti??.KEY COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTIONB?h?vi?r?l int?nti?nBehavioral intention (BI) i? d?fin?d as a ??r??n? perceived likelihood ?r ?ubj??tiv? ?r?b?bilit? th?t h? or ?h? will ?ng?g? in a giv?n b?h?vi?r (C?mmitt?? ?n C?mmuni??ti?n f?r B?h?vi?r Ch?ng? in th? 21?t C?ntur?, 2002, ?. 31).It i? an indication ?f ?n individu?l? r??din??? t? ??rf?rm a given b?h?vi?r. It i? assumed t? b? ?n imm?di?t? antecedent of b?h?vi?r. It i? based ?n attitude t?w?rd the b?h?vi?r, subjective n?rm, ?nd ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l, with ???h ?r?di?t?r weighted f?r its im??rt?n?? in r?l?ti?n to th? behavior ?nd population ?f int?r??t.BI i? behavior-specific and ???r?ti?n?liz?d by direct ?u??ti?n? ?u?h as I intend t? (b?h?vi?r), with Likert ???l? r????n?? ?h?i??? to m???ur? relative ?tr?ngth ?f int?nti?n. Int?nti?n has been r??r???nt?d in m???ur?m?nt b? ?th?r ??n?n?m? (?.g., I plan t? (b?h?vi?r)) and i? distinct fr?m similar ??n???t? such ?? desire and ??lf-?r?di?ti?n (Armitage C?nn?r, 2001). Ajzen (1991) ?rgu?d th?t BI r?fl??t? how hard a ??r??n i? willing t? tr?, ?nd how motivated h? ?r ?h? is, to ??rf?rm the behaviorEx?m?l?: J?n? is a kind of t?lk?tiv? person; ?h? tries h?rd t? k??? h?r mouth ?hut. Sh? t?lk?d a lot and never k??t a secret ?? ????l? b?g?n t? ??ll h?r BBC n?tw?rk. Once she ??m? t? know ?b?ut h?r ni?k name ?nd got ?? depressed. Sh? didn’t w?nt to b? ??ll?d like that ?nd f?r th?t ?h? tri?d t? keep her mouth ?hut and t?lk?d t? ?th?r? ?nl? wh?n it is needed. Here J?n? int?nt t? behave in another way which was formed b? h?r attitude ?nd ?ubj??tiv? n?rm?.B?h?vi?rAn individu?l? ?b??rv?bl? response in a giv?n ?itu?ti?n with r?????t t? a giv?n target. Ajz?n ??id a b?h?vi?r i? a function ?f ??m??tibl? int?nti?n? and ??r???ti?n? ?f b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l in th?t ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l control i? ?x???t?d t? m?d?r?t? th? ?ff??t ?f int?nti?n ?n b?h?vi?r, such th?t a f?v?r?bl? int?nti?n produces the b?h?vi?r ?nl? when ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l i? strong.Attitud?It is d?fin?d as th? d?gr?? to whi?h a ??r??n ??r??iv?? th? behavior b???d ?n favorable ?r unf?v?r?bl? ??????m?nt of the b?h?vi?r (Ajz?n, 1991; Ajz?n ?t ?l., 2004). It ?nt?il? a consideration of th? ?ut??m?? ?f ??rf?rming th? behavior.Example: Students have th?ir ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? th? ?x?m?. Th?ir performance in th? exams has optimum dependency u??n th? attitude ?f them towards th? exams. Or th? ?r?bl?m ??lving ?bilit? of th? ????l? depend ?n their ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? the problem.N?rm?tiv? beliefAn individu?l? ??r???ti?n of ???i?l normative ?r???ur??, ?r r?l?v?nt others beliefs th?t h? ?r ?h? should or should n?t perform ?u?h b?h?vi?r.One could say n?rm?tiv? b?li?f? ?r? individu?l? b?li?f? ?b?ut th? extent t? which ?th?r ????l? wh? ?r? im??rt?nt t? th?m think th?? ?h?uld or ?h?uld n?t ??rf?rm ??rti?ul?r b?h?vi?r?. In g?n?r?l, researchers who m???ur? normative beliefs ?l?? measure m?tiv?ti?n? to ??m?l?-h?w mu?h individuals wi?h to b?h?v? ??n?i?t?ntl? with th? ?r???ri?ti?n? of important others.E??h n?rm?tiv? b?li?f ?b?ut ?n im??rt?nt ?th?r is multiplied by th? ??r??n? m?tiv?ti?n t? ??m?l? with th?t important other and th? products ?r? ?umm?d across all ?f th? ??r??n? im??rt?nt ?th?r? t? r??ult in a g?n?r?l m???ur? th?t ?r?di?t? ?ubj??tiv? normsSubjective n?rmThe perceived ???i?l ?r???ur? to ??rf?rm ?r not t? perform the behavior in ?u??ti?n (Ajz?n, 1991, ?. 188)  Opinion about wh?t im??rt?nt ?th?r? b?li?v? the individu?l ?h?uld d? (Finl??, Tr?fim?w, M?r?i, 1999, p. 2015)Subjective n?rm is an individu?l? ??r???ti?n ?b?ut the ??rti?ul?r behavior, whi?h i? influ?n??d b? the judgment of ?ignifi??nt ?th?r? (?.g., parents, spouse, fri?nd?, t???h?r?, society, economy, ??liti??, d?m?gr??hi? factors ?t?.).Ex?m?l?: P?t’? ??r?nt? d?n’t lik? w?t?hing TV, they believes th?t it kills the br?in tissues. In Pat’s class everybody watches TV ?nd th?? t?lk a l?t about th? m?vi?? ?nd ?th?r TV ?h?w?. Here Pat’s ‘subjective norms’ towards TV may d???nd upon the h?w he i? b?ing influenced ?nd wh? makes a d????r im?r???i?n in his mind.CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTIONThe theory of reasoned ??ti?n th??ri?t? noted th?t th?r? are three conditions th?t ??n affect th? r?l?ti?n?hi? b?tw??n b?h?vi?r?l intention ?nd b?h?vi?r. The fir?t ??nditi?n i? th?t th? m???ur? ?f int?nti?n mu?t ??rr????nd with r?????t t? their l?v?l? ?f ????ifi?it?. This m??n? th?t t? ?r?di?t a specific b?h?vi?r, th? behavioral intention must b? ??u?ll? ????ifi?. Th? ????nd ??nditi?n i? th?t th?r? must be stability ?f int?nti?n? b?tw??n tim? ?f measurement ?nd performance of behavior.The intention must r?m?in th? same b?tw??n th? tim? that it i? given ?nd th? tim? th?t the b?h?vi?r is performed. Th? third condition is th? degree t? whi?h ??rr?ing ?ut th? int?nti?n is under th? v?liti?n?l ??ntr?l of th? individu?l.Th? individu?l always h?? th? ??ntr?l of wh?th?r ?r not to perform th? behavior. Th??? conditions have t? d? with the tr?n?iti?n from v?rb?l responses t? ??tu?l b?h?vi?rAccording t? Fi?hb?in? ?nd Ajzens ?rigin?l (1967) f?rmul?ti?n ?f TRA, a behavioral int?nti?n m???ur? will predict the performance of ?n? v?lunt? r? ??t, unl??? int?nt changes ?ri?r t? ??rf?rm?n?? or unl??? th? int?nti?n m???ur? d??? n?t ??rr????nd t? the b?h?vi?r?l ?rit?ri?n in t?rm? of action, t?rg?t, ??nt?xt, time-frame ?nd/?r ????ifi?it?.Th? m?d?l of TRA h?? been challenged by ?tudi?? d?t?rmin?d to ?x?min? it? limit?ti?n ?nd in?d??u???.Th? m?j?r ?r?bl?m ?f theory of r????n?d ??ti?n is ??int?d ?ut to b? the ignorance of th? ??nn??ti?n? between individu?l?, both th? int?r??r??n?l ?nd ???i?l r?l?ti?n? in which they ??t, ?nd th? br??d?r social ?tru?tur?? whi?h govern ???i?l ?r??ti??.Alth?ugh th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n r???gniz?? th? importance of social n?rm?, ?tr?t?gi?? ?r? limit?d to a ??n?id?r?ti?n ?f individual perceptions of th??? ???i?l phenomena. Individu?l? b?li?f, attitudes ?nd und?r?t?nding? ?r? ??n?titut?d activity, therefore the distinction ?f the tw? factors i? ?mbigu?u?.Furth?rm?r?, ???i?l ?h?ng? may be g?n?r?ti?n?l r?th?r th?n th? ?um of individual change. Th??r? of reasoned action f?il? t? ???tur? th? ???i?l ?r ??????? ?f change ?nd the ???i?l n?tur? of th? ?h?ng? it??lf: a model in whi?h ????l? ??ll??tiv?l? ???r??ri?t? ?nd ??n?tru?t n?w m??ning? and ?r??ti??.Additi?n?ll?, th? habituation ?f ???t b?h?vi?r also tends t? r?du?? th? im???t that int?nti?n h?? ?n b?h?vi?r ?? th? habit in?r?????.Gr?du?ll?, the performance ?f the b?h?vi?r becomes less ?f a rational, initi?tiv? b?h?vi?r and more of a learned response. In ?dditi?n, int?nti?n ?????r? t? have a direct ?ff??t ?n b?h?vi?r in the short t?rm ?nl?. B??id??, the analysis ?f th? ??n???tu?l b??i? ?l?? raises ??n??rn?. It is ?riti?iz?d that th? m?d?l d??? not ?n?bl? th? generation ?f hypothesis because ?f their ?mbiguit?.The model f??u??? ?n ?n?l?ti? truth r?th?r th?n ??nth?ti? ?n?, th?r?f?r? th? ??n?lu?i?n? resulting fr?m those ???li??ti?n? ?r? ?ft?n tru? by d?finiti?n r?th?r than by ?b??rv?ti?n whi?h m?k?? th? model unfalsifiable.Th? strengths ?f ?ttitud?? t?w?rd a behavior (???i?l/??r??n?l) ?nd ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? ?l?? v?r? ?r???-?ultur?ll? w hil? th? ?r????? b? whi?h the behavior engaged r?m?in? th? ??m?.An example of this is shown in a ?r???-?ultur?l study ?n fast f??d choices, wh?r? ????l? fr?m W??t?rn ?ultur?? were found t? b? m?r? influ?n??d by their ?ri?r ?h?i?? ?f r??t?ur?nt th?n ????l? fr?m E??t?rn cultures. This w?uld suggest that ????l? from diff?r?nt ?ultur?? w?ight ?ubj??tiv? norms ?nd ?xi?ting attitudes diff?r?ntl?. A ?l???r ?x?min?ti?n ?f th? ?r???-?ultur?l ??mmuni??ti?n ?r????? will b?n?fit ?nd complete th? und?r?t?nding ?f th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n.So th? distinction b?tw??n a g??l int?nti?n ?nd a b?h?vi?r?l int?nti?n concerns th? ????bilit? to achieve ones int?nti?n, which inv?lv?? multi?l? v?ri?bl?? thus creating gr??t uncertainty. Azj?n ??kn?wl?dg?d that some b?h?vi?r? are more lik?l? t? ?r???nt problems ?f ??ntr?l? th?n ?th?r?, but we can n?v?r b? ?b??lut?l? ??rt?in th?t w? will b? in a ???iti?n t? ??rr? ?ut ?ur intentions.Viewed in this light it b???m?? clear that strictly speaking ?v?r? intention i? a g??l whose ?tt?inm?nt is ?ubj??t t? ??m? degree ?f uncertainty. Alth?ugh this th??r? h?? ?u?????full? ?r?di?t?d a wide r?ng? ?f behaviors, ????l? d? n?t always d? wh?t th?? say they int?nd t? do (i.?. there i? a w??k relationship b?tw??n ?ttitud?? and b?h?vi?r).In addition, thi? th??r? does not take into ????unt ???t b?h?vi?r (?ft?n a g??d ?r?di?t?r ?f futur? behavior), ?r take int? ????unt the irrational d??i?i?n? ????l? ??m?tim?? make.APPLICATIONS OF THE THEORYOv?r th? years th? th??r? of r????n?d ??ti?n h?? been u??d in many studies ?? a framework f?r examining ????ifi? kind? ?f b?h?vi?r ?u?h ?? ??mmuni??ti?n b?h?vi?r, ??n?um?r b?h?vi?r ?nd health b?h?vi?r.Many r????r?h?r? use th? th??r? t? study b?h?vi?r? th?t ?r? ?????i?t?d with high risks ?nd d?ng?r, ?? well as deviant behavior. In ??ntr??t, ??m? research h?? ???li?d th? theory t? more normative and r?ti?n?l t???? ?f action.Researchers D?vi??, F?x?ll, ?nd Pallister ?ugg??t th?t the theory ?f r????n?d ??ti?n can be tested if b?h?vi?r i? m???ur?d objectively without drawing a ??nn??ti?n t? prior int?nti?n.M??t ?tudi??, h?w?v?r, l??k ?t int?nti?n b???u?? ?f it? ??ntr?l r?l? in the th??r?In C?mmuni??ti?nC?ll?g? fraternity ?nd ??r?rit? hazingThe th??r? of reasoned ??ti?n h?? been ???li?d t? th? study ?f whi?tl?-bl?wing intentions ?nd hazing in college ?rg?niz?ti?n?, ????ifi??ll? fraternities ?nd ??r?riti??. Hazing is und?r?t??d to b? ?n? ??tivit? ?x???t?d ?f ??m??n? th?t j?in? a gr?u?, whi?h humili?t??, d?gr?d??, ?bu??? ?r ?nd?ng?r? its victims.In th? Unit?d St?t??, there have been a v?ri?t? ?f h?zing in?id?nt? th?t h?v? r??ult?d in d??th ?nd harm of students on several college campuses. Whi?tl?-bl?wing inv?lv?? ?n individu?l with ??m? level ?f unique ?r inside kn?wl?dg? u?ing public communication t? bring ?tt?nti?n t? ??m? perceived wr?ngd?ing ?r ?r?bl?m.Whi?tl?-bl?wing i? ?ignifi??nt t? this issue b???u?? individuals wh? are ?w?r? ?f h?zing in?id?nt? ??n ??m? f?rw?rd t? univ?r?it? ?ffi?i?l? ?nd make th? occurrence ?f hazing kn?wn.In their ?tud?, Ri?h?rd??n ?t al. ??t ?ut to study whi?tl?-bl?wing by u?ing the theory of r????n?d action as a fr?m?w?rk t? ?r?di?t wh?th?r or n?t individu?l? will ??m? f?rw?rd ?b?ut report h?zing in?id?nt?.Their ?tud? served t? examine whether th? r?l?ti?n?hi?? suggested b? th? TRA model r?m?in true in predicting whi?tl? blowing int?nti?n?, ?nd if these r?l?ti?n?hi?? w?uld ?h?ng? d???nding ?n the ??v?rit? ?f th? hazing in?id?nt.Ri?h?rd??n et al. ?urv???d a sample ?f 259 students from Gr??k organizations at university in the Southwestern United St?t??. Th? ?urv?? ?u??ti?n? measured the diff?r?nt ?????t? ?f th? TRA model: b?h?vi?r?l b?li?f?, ?ut??m? ?v?lu?ti?n?, attitude t?w?rd th? behavior, n?rm?tiv? b?li?f?, m?tiv?ti?n t? ??m?l?, ?ubj??tiv? norms, and the consequence ?nd?g?n?u? v?ri?bl?.Th? ?u??ti?n? ??k?d respondents t? r?t? th?ir r????n??? on v?ri?u? 7 ??int ???l??. P?rti?i??nt? in th? ?tud? responded t? ?n? of thr?? scenarios, varying in l?v?l ?f sever ity, describing a h?zing ?itu?ti?n ???urring in th?ir fr?t?rnit? ?r ??r?rit?.In line with the theory, the r????r?h?r? w?nt?d t? id?ntif? if ?ttitud?? held ?b?ut h?zing, dangerous activity, ?nd gr?u? affiliation, ?l?ng with subjective n?rm? about whi?tl?-bl?wing (reactions b? others, ??n???u?n??? ?f reporting th? ??ti?n, i??l?ti?n fr?m th? gr?u?) w?uld influence wh?th?r ?r n?t ?n individu?l w?uld g? thr?ugh with r???rting a h?zing in?id?nt.Th? r??ult? of the study f?und th?t individu?l? w?r? more lik?l? t? report, ?r whi?tl?-bl?w, ?n h?zing in?id?nt? th?t w?r? m?r? ??v?r? or h?rmful t? individu?l?.Simultaneously, individu?l? w?r? ?l?? ??n??rn?d ?b?ut th? ??r???ti?n? of ?th?r? ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? th?m and th? ??n???u?n??? th?? m?? f??? if th?? r???rt?d hazing in?id?nt?.Kn?wl?dg? sharing in companiesTRA i? used t? ?x?min? th? ??mmuni??ti?n b?h?vi?r in corporations. On? ?f the b?h?vi?r? TRA h?l??d characterize is knowledge ?h?ring (KS) in ??m??ni??.In th? study conducted b? H?, H?u, ?nd O h, they ?r?????d two models to ??n?tru?t KS ?r????? by introducing TRA ?nd game th??r? (GT). One m?d?l ???tur?? ??r??n?l psychological f??ling? (?ttitud?? and ?ubj??tiv? n?rm?), th? ?th?r model n?t only captures ??r??n?l feelings but ?l?? t?k?? ?th?r peoples decisions into ??n?id?r?ti?n.By ??m??ring th? two models, r????r?h?r? f?und th?t th? m?d?l based ?n TRA h?? a high?r predictive ???ur??? than th? m?d?l b???d ?n TRA and GT. Th?? ??n?lud?d th?t ?m?l????? have a high ?r?b?bilit? of n?t ?n?l?zing th? decisions of ?th?r?, ?nd wh?th?r t?king ?th?r colleagues d??i?i?n into ????unt h?? a gr??t impact on ????l?? KS behavioral int?nti?n.It is indi??t?d th?t th? m?r? indirect d??i?i?n-m?k?r? there ?r? in ?rg?niz?ti?n?, th? l??? ?ff??tiv? is KS. To ?n??ur?g? KS, ??m??n? m?n?g?r? ?h?uld ?v?id in?luding indir??t d??i?i?n-m?k?r? in the ?r?j??t?.C?n?um?r b?h?vi?rUse of R?n?w?bl? energyTRA h?? ?l?? b??n u??d to ?tud? consumer ?ttitud?? towards renewable energy. In 2000, B?ng, et. al f?und that ????l? who ??r?d ?b?ut ?nvir?nm?nt?l i??u?? like ??lluti?n w?r? m?r? willing t? ???nd more f?r renewable ?n?rg?.Simil?rl?, a 2008 ?tud? ?f Swedish consumers b? H?n?l? ?t. ?l showed th?t th??? who with a ???itiv? view ?f renewable ?n?rg? were more willing to spend m?n?? ?n ?u?t?in?bl? ?n?rg? for th?ir h?m??.Th??? ?tudi?? ?r? ?vid?n?? th?t th? emotional response ????l? have t?w?rd? a t??i? ?ff??t? their ?ttitud?, whi?h in turn affects their b?h?vi?r?l int?nt. These ?tudi?? ?l?? ?r?vid? examples f?r h?w th? TRA is used t? m?rk?t g??d? th?t might n?t m?k? the m??t sense fr?m a ?tri?tl? economic ??r????tiv?.Th? u?? ?f C?u??nC?u??n u??g? has ?l?? been ?tudi?d thr?ugh th? theory ?f reasoned action fr?m?w?rk b? r????r?h?r? interested in consumer ?nd m?rk?t?r b?h?vi?r.In 1984, Terence Shimp ?nd Ali??n K?v?? applied thi? th??r? t? coupon u??g? b?h?vi?r, with th? r????r?h premise that coupon u??g? is r?ti?n?l, ???t?m?ti?, ?nd th?ughtful b?h?vi?r in ??ntr??t with ?th?r ???li??ti?n? ?f the theor y t? m?r? d?ng?r?u? types ?f b?h?vi?r.The th??r? of reasoned action serves ?? a u??ful model because it ??n h?l? examine whether ??n?um?r? int?nti?n? t? u?? ??u??n? are determined b? their ?ttitud?? and ??r???ti?n? ?f wh?th?r im??rt?nt others think ?n? ?h?uld ?r ?h?uld n?t expend th? effort t? ?li?, save, ?nd u?? ??u??n?.Th? ??n?um?r? b?h?vi?r int?nti?n? are influenced b? their ??r??n?l b?li?f? ?b?ut ??u??n u??g?, m??ning wh?th?r or not th?? think ??ving m?n?? is important and are willing to ???nd th? time ?li??ing ??u??n?.These potential b?li?f? ?l?? influenced th? coupon u??r? th?ught? ?b?ut wh?t ?th?r? think ?b?ut th?ir u??g? ?f ??u??n?.Together, the coupon user will use th?ir ?wn beliefs ?nd th? ??ini?n? ?f ?th?r? to f?rm ?n ?v?r?ll attitude t?w?rd? coupon u??g?. T? ???r???h this study, Shim? ?nd Ali??n surveyed 770 h?u??h?ld? and m???ur?d th? aspects of th? TRA m?d?l in terms of th? participants r????n???.The received r????n??? indi??t?d th?t ??n?um?r? n?rm? are ??rti?ll? deter mined b? th?ir ??r??n?l b?li?f? toward ??u??n u??g?, and to an even gr??t?r ?xt?nd, that attitudes ?r? influenced b? internalizations ?f ?th?r? b?li?f?.Positive ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? this b?h?vi?r ?r? influ?n??d b? ?n individu?l? ??r???ti?n? th?t th?ir ??rtn?r? will b? satisfied b? their tim? ???nt ?nd ?ff?rt? made to save m?n??.Br?nd loyaltyTRA has been applied t? r?d?fin? brand loyalty. According t? th? th??r? ?f r????n?d ??ti?n, th? antecedents ?f ?ur?h??? behaviour ?r? ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? th? purchase ?nd subjective norm.In 1998, Ha ??ndu?t?d a ?tud? t? investigate th? r?l?ti?n?hi?? ?m?ng ??v?r?l ?nt???d?nt? of unit brand l???lt? (UBL) b? intr?du?ing TRA. C?n?um?r? ?r? brand loyal wh?n both ?ttitud? ?nd b?h?vi?r are favorable. In his study, H? developed a t?bl? indicating 8 ??mbin?ti?n? ?f ?u?t?m?r? br?nd l???lt? based on th?ir l???lt? ?n 3 variables â€" ?ttitud? t?w?rd? th? b?h?vi?r, ?ubj??tiv? norm, ?nd ?ur?h??? b?h?vi?r i? l???l.A???rding t? Ha, m?rk?ting managers ?h?uld n?t b? di? ??ur?g?d b? a t?m??r?r? di?l???lt? and n??d to ?triv? f?r grabbing br?nd loyalty when ?u?t?m?r? ?r? ?h?wing loyalty to two ?f th? thr?? v?ri?bl??, but they need to r?di?gn??? th?ir ?u?t?m?r? br?nd l???lt? wh?n customers are ?h?wing loyalty t? only one ?f th?m.The m?in focus ?h?uld be ??int?d ?t ?ith?r ?nh?n?ing th? consumers ?ttitud? toward th?ir br?nd or ?dju?ting th?ir br?nd t? th? ???i?l n?rm?In H??lth behaviorEx?r?i??The ?ubli? health community, int?r??t?d in reducing ri?ing obesity rates, has used TRA to ?tud? ????l?? ?x?r?i?? b?h?vi?r.A 1981 ?tud? b? Bentler and S???k?rt r?v??l?d th?t int?nt to ?x?r?i?? was d?t?rmin?d b? a persons ?ttitud? t?w?rd ?x?r?i??, ?? ?r?di?t?d b? TRA.In a broader lit?r?tur? r?vi?w ?n the ?tud? of ?x?r?i?? u?ing TRA ?nd TPB, it w?? d?t?rmin?d th?t b?h?vi?r?l int?nt t? ?x?r?i?? is b?tt?r fr?m?d by TRA than TPB b???u?? ??r??iv?d b?h?vi?r?l ??ntr?l did n?t have a ?ignifi??nt ?ff??t on th? int?nt to ?x?r?i??.P?di?tri?i?n?, parents ?nd HPV vaccinationsA 201 1 study examining pediatricians behaviors ?urr?unding th? Human P??ill?m?viru? (HPV) v???in? f?und that TRA ?r?di?t?d the pediatricians would ?n??ur?g? ??r?nt? t? g?t th?ir daughters vaccinated.Roberto, Kri?g?r, K?tz, G??i, ?nd J?in discovered that the norms surrounding this t??i? were more important in ?r?di?ting behavior th?n ??r??iv?d behavioral ??ntr?l.S?xu?l ??ndu?t in high school ??ung l?di??In 2011, W.M. D??w?ll, Br?xt?r, Cha, and Kim examined ??xu?l b?h?vi?r in African Am?ri??n teenage girl? ?nd ???li?d the th??r? ?? a fr?m?w?rk f?r und?r?t?nding thi? b?h?vi?r.The th??r? ?f reasoned action can explain th??? b?h?vi?r? in that t??n? b?h?vi?r?l intentions t? ?ng?g? in ??rl? ??xu?l b?h?vi?r ?r? influ?n??d b? th?ir pre-existing ?ttitud?? ?nd ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? ?f th?ir ???r?. Attitud?? in this ??nt?xt are favorable ?r unf?v?r?bl? di????iti?n? towards t??n?g? ??xu?l b?h?vi?r.Subjective n?rm? ?r? the ??r??iv?d ???i?l pressure t??n?g?r? f??l from th?ir fri?nd?, ?l???m?t??, ?nd other ? ??r groups t? ?ng?g? in sexual b?h?vi?r.A? a fr?m?w?rk, the TRA ?ugg??t? th?t ?d?l????nt? will participate in ??rl? b?h?vi?r because of th?ir ?wn ?ttitud?? t?w?rd? the behavior and the ?ubj??tiv? n?rm? of their peers. In thi? case, intention is th? willful ?l?n t? ??rf?rm early sexual b?h?vi?r.Findings fr?m th? ?tud?nt ?h?w?d th?t the TRA w?? ?u???rtiv? in ?r?di?ting early sexual b?h?vi?r ?m?ng African Am?ri??n t??n?g? girl?.Attitud?? towards ??x ?nd subjective n?rm? b?th ??rr?l?t?d with int?nti?n? t? ??rti?i??t? in ??rl? ??xu?l behavior in th? ?tud?? sample.We ??n ???l? Theory Of Reasoned Action  t? thi? ?itu?ti?n and use it t? ?ur ?dv?nt?g?:(Adolescents’’) Attitud?:Curi??it? ?b?ut ??xD??ir? t? engage in ??x(Subj??tiv? N?rm):Parents d?n’t f??l comfortable di??u??ing sex openly (H?u?t?n, 2009)Ad?l????nt?’ perceive this ?? a ??nd?mn?ti?n of sexSin?? ??r?nt? d?n’t bring u? sex openly with t??n?g?r?, t??n?g?r? feel un??mf?rt?bl? bringing u? th? t??i?(Behavioral Int?nti?n):Ad? l????nt? ?ng?g? in ??x du? t? ?uri??it?, hormones, ?nd m?di? pressure but, they feel un??mf?rt?bl? discussing th?ir ??xu?l activity with ??r?nt? (Houston, 2009)Thi? ??uld l??d t? un??f? ??xParents ?r? ?l?? ?ft?n left un?w?r? ?b?ut their ?hild’? sexual activityB???u?? n? ?n? t?lk? ???nl? about ??x with th?m, ?d?l????nt? f??l as th?ugh sex is somewhat tabooMay thu? b? reluctant t? buy ??nd?m? or ?th?r ??ntr????tiv??Wh?t C?n B? D?n?:Th?r? i? clearly a problem regarding t??n?g?r? ?nd ??f?, inf?rm?d sex, ?nd the r??t ?f thi? problem ??n b? tr???d t? sexual ?du??ti?n. In ?rd?r t? promote a h??lthi?r r?l?ti?n?hi? with ??x, h??lth ?du??t?r? need to f??u? ?n d?v?l??ing ?r?gr?m? that ?h?w t??n?g?r? th?t ??xâ€"?nd ??f? sexâ€"is n?thing t? b? ?mb?rr????d ?b?ut.These ?r?gr?m? ??rh???, ?h?uld include pamphlets d??ign?d for ??r?nt? th?t teenagers n??d t? ?h?w t? (and have ?ign?d by) parents th?t remind them that ???nl?, and comfortably, di??u??ing ??x with th?ir t??n?g?r? i? m?r? b?n?fi?i?l th?n hurtful t? th?m.Providing ?n ?nvir?nm?nt wh?r? t??n?g?r? ??n openly talk ?b?ut sex â€"wh?th?r it b? that th?? are considering becoming ??xu?ll? ??tiv?, ??ntr????tiv? ??ti?n?, ?r ?th?r ??xu?ll? r?l?t?d questionsâ€" with th?ir parents will lead to a h??lthi?r ?ttitud? toward ??x, ?nd thu?, ??f?r ??x.Besides th? pamphlets f?r ??r?nt?, th? program f?r ??xu?l education d??ign?d b? h??lth ?du??t?r? should (?bvi?u?l?) t???h t??n?g?r? about ??f? ??x, but in such a way th?t d??? n?t im?l? th?t sex is ??m? ??rt ?f taboo act th?t should n?t b? ?ng?g?d in ?r?f?r?bl?.It has ??tu?ll? b??n f?und th?t in ??untri?? like th? N?th?rl?nd?, where t??n?g?r? ?r? t?ught ??xu?l ?du??ti?n in a more open m?nn?r ?nd ??r?nt? feel ??mf?rt?bl? discussing sex with th?ir ?hildr?n, t??n?g?r? h?d a h??lthi?r relationship with sex (H?u?t?n, 2009). With th??? ?h?ng?? the Theory of Reasoned Action  m?d?l ??uld thu? ?h?ng? t? thi?:(Ad?l????nt?’’) Attitude:Curiosity ?b?ut sexD??ir? t? engage in ??xAn int?r??t in ??x i? n?tur?l, ?nd nothing t? be ?mb?rr????d aboutThi? ??n b? ??hi?v?d thr?ugh m?r? open ??xu?l education programs(Subj??tiv? N?rm):P?r?nt? feel comfortable discussing ??x openlySince ??r?nt? can bring u? ??x openly with t??n?g?r?, t??n?g?r? feel ??mf?rt?bl? di??u??ing ??x(B?h?vi?r?l Int?nti?n):Adolescents ?ng?g? in ??x du? t? curiosity, h?rm?n??, ?nd media pressure and f??l comfortable discussing th?ir ??xu?l activity with parentsThi? ??n l??d to ??f?r ??xP?r?nt? will b? m?r? inf?rm?d of sexual activityCan bu? ??nd?m? other ??ntr????tiv?? without f??ling ?h?m? ?r ?mb?rr???m?ntC?nd?m u??TRA h?? been fr??u?ntl? used as a fr?m?w?rk ?nd predictive m??h?ni?m of applied r????r?h ?n ??xu?l b?h?vi?r, especially in ?r?v?nti?n ?f ??xu?ll? tr?n?mitt?d di????? such ?? HIV.In 2001, Alb?rr??ín, J?hn??n, Fi?hb?in, ?nd Mu?ll?rl?il? ???li?d th??r? ?f reasoned ??ti?n (TRA) and th??r? ?f ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r (TPB) int? ?tud?ing h?w well th? th??ri?? predict ??nd?m use.T? b? consistent with TRA, the ?uth?r ? ??nth??iz?d 96 data ??t? (N = 22,594), ?nd ?????i?t? ?v?r? ??m??n?nt in ??nd?m u?? with certain w?ight. Their study indicates th?t th? th??ri?? of r????n?d ??ti?n and ?l?nn?d b?h?vi?r are highly ?u?????ful ?r?di?t?r? of ??nd?m u??.A???rding to th?ir discussion, ????l? ?r? more likely to use ??nd?m? if th?? h?v? ?r?vi?u?l? f?rm?d the ??rr????nding int?nti?n?. Th??? int?nti?n? t? use condoms ?????r to d?riv? fr?m ?ttitud??, subjective n?rm?, and perceived behavioral ??ntr?l.Th??? ?ttitud?? ?nd n?rm?, in turn, appear t? derive fr?m ?ut??m? ?nd n?rm?tiv? b?li?f?. Nevertheless, wh?th?r b?h?vi?r w?? ???????d r?tr?????tiv?l? ?r ?r?????tiv?l? was ?n important m?d?r?t?r that influ?n??d th? magnitude of th? ?????i?ti?n? between theoretically im??rt?nt v?ri?bl??.

Suicide in Prisons - Free Essay Example

Many of the Scholarly articles Ive found have a plethora of similarities. These similarities include Risk factors that make inmate more prone to committing suicide, Methods of how said inmates commit or attempted to commit suicide, and specific policys implemented to help mitigate this growing issue. Finally I found a qualitative study to help understand prison suicide out of Oregon to include six of their correction facilities and a mixed qualitative quantitative following women in the United Kingdom. Every single study I have researched has had a multitude of similar risk factors that make inmates prone to taking their own life. White, younger, males with no kids that come from lower SES backgrounds are more prone to suicidal tendencies. The general consensus on age varied throughout different studies but all ranged from 25 to 35 years old. However, one study did touch on individuals who were outside of that age bracket. They stated that inmates younger than 21 years of age, ones that should be placed in juvenile detention centers, placed in adult facilities where 8 times more likely to kill themselves. The reasoning for such an overwhelming amount of result from white men has been associated to their lack of being ready for the prison experience. Some researchers suggest that the differences among black, white, and Hispanic suicide rates can be explained by sociocultural factors such as better preparation for prison life by blacks as opposed to that of whites and Hispanics. (Da niel, 2006) As a result of these factors these individuals have and will continue to take part in deviant behaviors. A study that was taken from 313 inmates in a Florida Federal Institution, there was a positive correlation between antisocial deviance and suicidal tendencies of man inmates. (Daniel, 2006, p.167) These antisocial tendencies have a lot of can result in more risk factors that push inmates to suicidal thoughts. Bullying from peers has been proven to by many scholars as another direct correlation to suicide. According to Konrad, Suicidal inmates experience bullying from peers, write ups, or adverse information. (2004, p. 115) The risk factors mentioned above all revolve around social interactions or are caused because of them. There are some other risk factors that stem from within the inmates family or chemical make-up. These can be defined as Clinical factors, mental illness, and substance abuse issues. According to Emma Barker, personal and family history of psychiat ric problems, and dysfunctional family lives including parental substance abuse and violence can be a leading cause for inmates attempts at suicide or suicide. (2014) Even though most of the studies have the same rational reasoning as to why inmates commit these atrocitys, there was one study that touched on an uncharted reason. Ildiko Suto1 and Genevieve L. Y. Arnaut brought to the attention of the public inmates depression. Some inmates who made suicide attempts did so because they felt they dishonored their families, that they made their parents look bad. This normally wouldnt affect most inmates when it comes to other infractions or issues in prison, but to these inmates they were upset that it casts a negative shadow on their parental upbringing. As a result of a multitude of different reasons as to why inmates decide to take their own lifes or try, the method of how they do it is very similar across the board. Methods of suicide inside institutions are very limited in comparison to the outside world. As a result of constant supervision, random searches, CCTVs inmates have limited there methods to hangings, overdoses, and self-mutilations. Some researchers say that hangings are the leading cause of methods in prisoners suicide, Over 80 percent of suicides are completed by hanging. (Daniel, 2006) There are many ways an inmate can get away with this method as ways of asphyxiation. The use of bed sheets, shoelaces, belts or anything that can be used to cut of circulation are easily accusable by everyone. The timing of these incidents tends to happen during low traffic times. Because they are inside an institution they are under close supervision, as a way around that some say that imamates will hang themselves at night, during shift changes, or once put into isolation. According to Bonner, most of the suicides by hanging happen within the first 24 hours of arrest. This brings conflict to the m ajority of other studies that say this is most prevalent during times of isolation. When one is brought into intake, they are surround by many people which nullifies the idea that hangings happen in isolation. Some have said though the idea of isolation does not have to be taken literally but can be a result of ones mental state. As hanging being the most attempted and used practice in regards to suicide, the next highest killer is overdosing. This idea of overdosing refers to illegal narcotics smuggled into the institution or inmates prescribed psychotropic drugs. As a result of these methods Institution staff, social scientists and many others have come up with policies to help combat this ongoing issue. Many policies begin and end at inmate intake. Intake screening usually consisted of a non-medically trained staff asking probing questions. They are asked to either figure out an inmates prior history whether that mental or family history or to see if the inmate is currently high risk. Generally, screening questionnaires should ask for static (historical demographic) as well as dynamic (situational and personal) variables. ( Konrad, 2007) During screening if its deemed that inmate is suicidal they must be seen by mental health staff. Staff shouldnt stop once the initial intake has taken place. Staff need to follow up with inmates later on as suicidal tendency can go unobserved and created after intake. This to include routine checks, conversations, social interventions. As these are all good ideas, most institutions do not follow up with them. This could be attributed to lack of funding, personal, or they just do not think it is as important as others. Ronald Bonner brought up an older suicide prevention plan, SSP, from the New York Local Forensic Crisis Service Models Suicide Prevention Screening Instrument. This program took it further than prisoner intake. In conjunction, they added a level system to help officials observe high risk inmates differently, bridged the gap between correction officers and mental health providers, and made it mandatory for the whole correctional organization to be Profant in and knowledge off all these resources through a required eight-hour course. Bonner stated that a commonality across many intuitions SPPs was, The responsibility of all correctional staff in suicide prevention with training being considered the primary vehicle of program implementation. (p. 373) In 1986, the Galveston county jail, used a SPP that was similar in the fact that new inmates were screen prior to being put into gen pop, but where they different from the rest. During high risk times for these inmates they would avidly watch them three days before and after court hearings, as well and providing the inmates with more human contacts to not further isolate them. Also they implanted Trained inmates to keep an eye on these high risk s ubjects when officers werent available or wanted. In conjunction with the pervious policies, at Cook county Department of Corrections, they implanted a new SSP that reduced suicide rates to less than 2 inmates per 100,000. This SSP help connects these higher risk inmates to community hospitals for further mental treatment that the institution couldnt provide. (Barker, 2014)

Character Analysis Of Scrooge - 1419 Words

Scrooge is excessively angry, rude, unfriendly character. Scrooge’s cruel actions to most others are unkind, especially when it’s about Christmas. The bitterness drive in Scrooge against Christmas is very strong. Scrooge also hates things such as love, happiness, generosity, and regards them as irrational until such time that a rightful trio of ghosts came to set him right. Charles Dickens paints him as an old businessman, with a ring of frosty white hair on his head, a pointed nose, red eyes, thin eyebrows, and a wiry chin. Scrooge is so acutely cold inside, it makes his lips blue, the tip of his nose strawberry red. The book describes him as hard and sharp as flint, self-contained, and solitary like an oyster. Scrooge is described as a†¦show more content†¦If he still thinks about his business anymore. In this stave, the Ghost of Christmas Present appears to Scrooge, and shows his people having a happy Christmas, maybe trying to get Scrooge to like Christmas more. Scrooge eavesdrops on Tiny Tim’s dad, Bob Cratchit, and hears him performing a toast to Scrooge. At this point, Scrooge realizes his character needs some improvement. When he sees his clerk, he gazes upon a family who is very poor, yet they love each other very much, and are a happy family, despite the poverty in their home. Scrooge then asks the Ghost if Tiny Tim will live. The Ghost says, â€Å"He will not live unless something changes.† As the Ghost of Christmas Present moves on, he takes Scrooge to a boat way out at sea, and shows him the happy sailors. Before the boat appears, the Ghost shows Scrooge a lighthouse, where two men are very happy, just like the sailors on the boat out at sea. When Scrooge sees this, he thinks, â€Å"Wow. These people are happy, even without their families out there with them.† As time progresses, Mr. Ghost moves Scrooge on to his nephew Fred’s house. 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Religion in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms Essay...

The Role of Religion in A Farewell to Arms Religion played a significant role in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms. The attitudes that the character had towards the war and life were closely associated with their views on religion. Due to extreme circumstances of war, moral standards were obscure for the characters. Almost everything related to the war violated the normal code of morality, which led many to feel disenchanted. Those who viewed the war as senseless had no faith in God or religion. For the character of Fredrick Henry it was clear that his faith in God was a subject of conflict. Henry was a character that understood religion, but did not love God. His love for Catherine was the most religious feeling that he†¦show more content†¦Conflict regarding morality was experienced by Fredrick Henry when he was deciding where to go for his leave. The priest wanted him to go to Abruzzi where it was described as clean and pure (9). But instead, he went to the big cities such as Rome, Naples, and Florence. It was likely that he spent much of his time in these cities drinking and frequented the whorehouses. In this instance he chose to visit places that were not pure and clean. Henry explained that he wanted to go to Abruzzi, but did not do the things that he wanted (13). Catherine was another character that was not religious. At first Catherine Barkley appeared to show some faith in religion, because she gave Fredrick Henry a Saint Anthony. When asked by Henry if she was a Catholic, she said no (43). Later, when they discussed marriage, Catherine further clarified her stand on religion by saying: You see, darling, it would mean everything to me if I had any religion. But I havent any religion. (116). The only thing that she believed in was her love for Fredrick Henry, she stated, ...Youre my religion. Youre all Ive got. (116). Count Greffi who was viewed by Henry as being a man of wisdom. His wisdom was attributed to old age, and he too was not religious. Count Greffi told Henry, I had always expected to be devout. All my family died very devout. But somehow it does not come. (263). This statement was interesting, because Count Greffi seemed toShow MoreRelatedDiscussion of Stereotypes in a Farewell to Arms1449 Words   |  6 Pagesin common - they a re truer than if they had really happened, Hemingway wrote just five years after publishing A Farewell to Arms, a novel written about the war in Italy, which is ironic because A Farewell to Arms can be seen as a semi-autobiographical novel, as some of the events that occur in the novel are based off of Hemingways own life. The parallels from the novel and Hemingways life are evident-- the protagonist, Lieutenant Frederic Henry, is an ambulance driver in the Italian army, justRead MoreThe Struggle of Life and War in Ernest Hemingway’s Writing 1071 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway was one of the greatest authors of the twentieth century. His simple style, lucid depictions, and relatable narratives propelled him into a world of literary fame. These unique attributes are inimitable; Hemingway relates to the reader on a deeper level that even the best imitators cannot achieve. For this and many other reasons, critics praise Hemingway for the indefinable work of an exceptiona l writer. One of his most well-known novels, A Farewell to Arms, is notorious for itsRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms, By Ernest Hemingway1739 Words   |  7 PagesMajor events throughout history have resulted from human desire for fulfillment by instituting war, preaching religion, and glorifying love. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway introduces Frederic Henry, an American in the Italian Army during World War I. Frederic Henry’s attempts to find his meaning in life, are represented by his attempts to discover the possibilities in war, religion, and love. He does this through his friendship with a Catholic priest, his intense love affair with nurse CatherineRead More deatharms Accepting Death in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms694 Words   |  3 PagesAccepting Death in Hemingways A Farewell To Arms A Farewell To Arms is Ernest Hemingways poignant yet simple tale of two young lovers who meet during the chaos of W.W.I and the relationship that endures until its tragic end. Frederick Henry, an American lieutenant in the Italian army, and Catherine Barkley, an English volunteer nurse, share a devout love for one another that deepens as Catherine becomes pregnant, yet their blissful relationship becomes tragically shortened as the baby andRead MoreNot Only Did The Effects Of War Negatively Influence Henry’S1282 Words   |  6 PagesHemingway to consider both genocidal infanticide and trench warfare simultaneously, and to hold in balance these two historical calamities underwriting is oeuvre† (Pozorski 77). In this excerpt, the author is creating reference to the passage in Hemingway’s writing where Henry likens his child’s death to the soldier who dies every day as if it is common. Furthermore, this excerpt suggests that Henry develops a type of thought process capable of repeating his tragic memories. Due to this, he is ableRead MoreModern Features of A Farewell to Arms Viewed Trhrough the Main Characters of the Novel.1640 Words   |  7 Pages A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway is considered one of the great novels of World War I. It introduces the theme of love, while war occupies all of Europe. It is a complex novel with many characteristic aspects of modernism. After looking into Hemingways biography, the reader can tell that he included details from his personal life in his novel. He based the main character Frederic Henry upon his own experience as an ambulance driver during World War I. He made him a hero who developsRead MoreThe Sentimental Education of Frederic Henry (Hemingway’s Other Possible Title)975 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway’s protagonist Frederic Henry says A Farewell to Arms with a double meaning. The novel title is word play reflective of first, Frederic’s desertion of the war. His second farewell is to the arms of his beloved, Catherine Barkley after her death in childbirth. Wandering stoically through life, looking for some natural progression, Frederic lets one circumstance lead him to the next. At first, Frederic exhibits the hedonistic aspirations of a college fraternity pledge, motivatedRead MoreErnest Hemingway Essay2421 Words   |  10 Pages Ernest Hemingway – The Man and His Work On July 2, 1961, a writer whom many critics call the greatest writer of this century, a man who had a zest for adventure, a winner of the Nobel Prize and the Pulitzer Prize, a man who held esteem everywhere – on that July day, that man put a shotgun to his head and killed himself. That man was Ernest Hemingway. Though he chose to end his life, his heart and soul lives on through his many books and short stories. Hemingway’s work is his voice on how he viewedRead More A Farewell to Arms Essay: Changing Perspective of Religion682 Words   |  3 PagesChanging Perspective of Religion in A Farewell to Arms In Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms, the main character, Lieutenant Fredric Henry, undergoes a dramatic change in perspective over the course of the novel. It is most interesting to see how the Lieutenants views on religion change as he becomes more involved in the war.    Early in the novel, we are introduced to the Abruzzi. The Abruzzi is a town in Switzerland, of which Henrys friend, the priest, is very fond. His fatherRead More No Heros in The Red Badge of Courage and A Farewell to Arms Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesNo Heros in The Red Badge of Courage and A Farewell to Arms      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many great literary novels have the protagonist, the main character of the novel, being portrayed as the hero.   There are many different deeds and actions that can characterize a person as a hero such as saving someone from a burning house at the risk of ones own life.   The main distinguishing characteristic of a true hero is self-sacrifice, whether it be scarifice of your own personal desires or ideals

The Metamorphosis By Gregor Samsa - 1329 Words

â€Å"The Metamorphosis† unfolds into a novella where the four main characters develop over the course of the story. Their development is accredited to once single event which happens to the main character, Gregor Samsa. Gregor becoming a gigantic bug not only changes his perspective of life, literally, but also impacts his family dynamic in a negative way which will never be restored. With this result of the family shifting, Gregor feel he is the cause for all the pain among family. Gregor was the bread winner for the family, practically the man of the house, yet his father is still alive and well. When money was tight and stress was on the rise, he took on the role of becoming the main source of income for the family. Even though it meant talking on a job he is not overly thrilled about, he did so out of the kindness of his heart. Generosity is in his character and he loved helping out where he could. This made him feel like he was a valuable member of the family; one who c ould never be replaced or forgotten. Eventually earning the income became a burden he felt he had to do; he needed to be able to support his family (Charter p.479). However, Gregor remains calm and accepting despite all his hardships. Not once does he complain or question the transformation. Personality wise, Gregor stays true to his core character but he does struggle with how he now identifies himself. Is a bug for good or still human? Gregor wrestles with this question as he learns to adjust and isShow MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis By Gregor Samsa1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe Metamorphosis is a story of the transformation of an urban family through the shocking alteration of family breadwinner, Gregor Samsa. Gregor s position profoundly changes his self-feelings as well as his relationship with his family. This change of events drastically alters the family s lifestyle and metamorphoses each member. Gregor s sister, Grete, starts with utmost admiration which stagnates into resen tment. His father starts off headstrong and grows weary. His mother s cheer turns intoRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Gregor Samsa954 Words   |  4 PagesThe beginning of â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, starts with the character Gregor Samsa, waking up one morning transformed into an insect without any explanation. He was unsure of what was happening to him or why. Gregor’s days were routinely the same, getting up and going to work every day, no matter what. Gregor’s father had owned a business that failed and left the family in debt, which Gregor inherited the responsibility of paying back his family’s debts. Therefore, Gregor’s first reaction was aboutRead MoreThe Diary of Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis1454 Words   |  6 Pagesmy days are numbered, and that before I should be consumed by an overpowering force and new order of movement— that I have come to convince myself, have been the foremost product of my own hands—I should le ave you and others with a tale of my metamorphosis. Not too long ago, I transformed into the most treacherous of creatures! I had not anticipated it. Indeed scarcely would I have conceived that a day and a time like this would come that I would not be the productive man that I am. Not even myRead MoreMetamorphosis Gregor Samsa Character Analysis1026 Words   |  5 Pages A villain is someone who opposes who opposes the protagonists (Websters). In Franz Kafka’s, Metamorphosis Gregor Samsa’s father’s tendencies and actions enhance the story. As Kafka recounts a story about Gregor who wakes up one morning, not feeling like himself, literally. He wakes up in an entirely different body, no longer does he walk and talk like a man, but rather lives and breathes through the body of a large insect. After all of Gregors, hardships and demonstrated devotion, his father stillRead MorePersonal Experiences Reflected in Metamorphosis by Gregor Samsa1061 Words   |  5 Pagesinto his work The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis p resents many connections between the life of the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, and Kafka himself. Some literary analysts claim it serves as an outlet for his distraught life. Based on the events of Gregor Samsa’s life, it can be deduced that Franz Kafka used his personal experiences as an inspiration for The Metamorphosis. Kafka portrays the relationship he had with his father through the relationship of Gregor and Mr. Samsa. Kafka’s father, HermannRead MoreThe Unselfish Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis Essay example1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Unselfish Gregor Samsa In Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis, some might argue that Gregor was a terrible person and his metamorphosis was not real, but only an illustration of the terrible person he had become. However, it can much more strongly be argued that he was an extremely unselfish person and his actions were largely taken for granted by his family. Kafka was emphasizing the common practice of selfless actions being unappreciated through his story of Gregor and his family. One wayRead MoreThe Metamorphosis : A Traveling Salesman Named Gregor Samsa825 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth Shuck Mr. Detweiler Honors English 4 November 2014 The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis, is about a traveling salesman named Gregor Samsa. One morning, Gregor wakes up to find that he has transformed into a giant insect. Unable to get up, he reflects on how he does not like his life as a traveling salesman. When he does not get up, and is let to work, his mom begins to worry about him. Eventually Gregor’s officer manager shows up and knocks on the door to tell him to get up. He respondsRead MoreThe Metamorphosis Is About A Traveling Salesman Gregor Samsa1056 Words   |  5 PagesTaylor Scott Mr. Flora December 16, 2015 Mid-Term The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis is about a traveling salesman Gregor Samsa who was the money provider to his family, and was metaphorically transformed. When Gregor Samsa woke up one morning from unsettling dreams, he found himself changed in his bed into a monstrous vernin (Kafka 538).The transformation that happens to Gregor affects everyone else he is connected with in one way or another, and brings his family into configurations withRead MoreEssay The Sins of Gregor Samsa of Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis2749 Words   |  11 PagesThe Sins of Gregor Samsa of Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis Gregor Samsa’s crimes originate from his intense devotion to his family, and thus in his intense devotion to his work, which in turn makes him intently devout to the conformist society that creates his world. Gregor’s crimes are not of the scope that contains what one may consider normal or standard crimes, and his motivations come from a separate set of values than those that society would consider to be the median. As a result ofRead MoreGregor Samsa Symbolizes Change in Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka 520 Words   |  3 Pagesorder to maintain the fluency of life. The character Gregor Samsa’s in the book â€Å"Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka symbolizes change, in which he gets transformed into a large insect. Change literally means to make or do something in a different manner to get a new result. However the central theme of the masterpiece â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is change. The novel illustrates the idea of change and transformation through its main character Gregor Samsa who transforms into a large insect. The real transformation

Comparing the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism in...

The Salem witch trials and the story of Joseph McCarthy are very similar; they both accused innocent people of doing things that were â€Å"bad† at the time. The Salem Witch trials were persecutions of men and woman on account of performing witchcraft. Two girls accused a woman of doing witchcraft and then the accusations continued, people accused other people to relieve their own punishment in a last ditch effort to save their lives, but it was in vein. After the witch trials were over â€Å"19 had been killed and an elderly man pressed to death under heavy stones†(Linder). â€Å"Some accused of witch craft were burned at the stake all in the name of justice†(Brown). Others were finally let out of jail after being in imprisonment for months at a time.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Arthur Miller made the play called â€Å"The Crucible† during the 1950’s as a response to McCarthyism and the U.S. Governments blacklisted people.†(Blakesley ). Miller was then question and accused of â€Å"Contempt of Congress† for not identifying people that were at meetings he attended. McCarthyism and The Salem Witch Craft Trials have been two very wrong things that have happened in the history of the United States for a lot of reasons. First off they both wrongfully accused innocent people of performing not accepted actions of those times. In America you have a right of free will and in both cases they were denied this right just because of someone else’s opinion. In both cases of the Salem Witch Craft Trials and McCarthyism people were being accused of acts with little evidence. People pointed fingers at others so they wouldn’t get blamed for anything, so there was a scare factor taking place. Large groups of people supported these acts maybe because of a get on board everyone’s doing it theme, and if you disagreed you were considered a witch or a communist. Our country supported McCarthy until later we soon regretted it. During the 1940’s and 1950’s communism was a scare in the U.S. so McCarthy capitalized on the subject and said two hundred card carrying communist were in the U.S(PBS). With the Salem Trials people capitalized on the scare of witches and everyone starting accusing the â€Å"weird† people. Accusations weather true or false canShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesnever actually referenced it in the play. Although Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is set in the late 1600s, it offers a fine example of allegory of McCarthyism in the 1950s. During the late 1600s in Salem, Massachusetts, people are experiencing a somewhat mass hysteria as the witch trials occur. The main plot of the play revolves around a group of people in Salem. In begins with Abigail Williams and other girls being questioned about practicing witchcraft when a young Betty Parris is found motionless andRead MoreEssay on Joseph McCarthy and the Red Scare1134 Words   |  5 Pagesafraid of the â€Å"reds†, or communists. The cold war had a large affect on this, because it is when America became afraid of communists or Russians. McCarthyism affected everyone in America Most citizens were afraid of the reds, some were former or current reds, some were accused and persecuted for being an assumed red. It’s clear that McCarthyism played a big role in the development of America. McCarthyism became a household term, not only associated with the red scare. It is now a term used for anyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1355 Words   |  6 Pagesas when comparing two events to prove a point. Proving a point was a necessity for Arthur Miller during the 1950’s, and he proves his point through The Crucible, a play about the Salem Witch Trials. Miller attacks the red scare, which was a time of fear of communism growing in America, and proves the how similar the two events were, and how they are important. As a political allegory of the red scare, Miller’s relatively accurate comparison between the red scare and the Salem Witch Trials throughRead MoreThe Hands Of An Angry God1627 Words   |  7 Pagesdirected to a Puritan congregation urging with orthodox fervor for transgressors to repent. Arthur Miller wrote the allegorical play The Crucible in 1953, lively portraying the hysteria occurring during the Salem Witch Trials in an effort to describe his perceptions of the post-war climate of McCarthyism and the sheer terror of Communism. In the pulpit oratory â€Å"Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God†, Edwards eloquently uses imagery, metaphors, and symbolism in order to instill fear in his congregation andRead More Analyze how Arthur Miller creates dramatic tension at the end of Act 31300 Words   |  6 Pagestension at thee end of Act 3 of his novel, The Crucible. I will be organizing this essay in paragraphs by points. Here are the main points I will be analyzing: - Setting - Stage Directions - Characters and Language - Comparing thee witch trials to the McCarthyism Proctor brings Mary to court and tells Judge Danforth that she will testify that the girls are lying. Danforth is suspicious of Proctor’s motives and tells Proctor, truthfully, that Elizabeth is pregnant and will be sparedRead MoreThe Human Lust For Power By Arthur Miller1689 Words   |  7 Pageshighlights a different facet of power: the means by which individuals strive to obtain it. In particular, he focuses on social power and the use of accusatory labels, such as â€Å"witch,† to obtain this power. The story is also a clear extended analogy for American McCarthyism, comparing the absurdity of the Salem witch trials to the equally ridiculous accusations of â€Å"communist sympathies† that destroyed the careers and reputations of Americans during the 1950s. However, if we limit our view of Miller’sRead More Looking at the similarities and context of the plays; The Crucible,1001 Words   |  5 PagesAntigone I shall be comparing the following three plays: The Crucible, St. Joan, and Antigone. I will be analysing the plays contents so that I can look at the similarities between the three of them and communicating the ideas that each of the three main characters have similar characteristics. The Crucible was written by playwright Arthur Miller and was first produced in 1953. The play is set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 and looks at the witch hunt that surrounded America in the seventeenthRead More Defying the Disney Image: The Testimony of Walt Disney Essay3000 Words   |  12 PagesEliot gives an entirely different story of the strike and Disney’s reasons for not settling. Communism plays an important role in the biography written by Eliot. Disney believed that it was the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) that urged the workers to go on strike. To Disney, Communism went against American Capitalism and he vowed to not allow it take over the Disney Studio. There are many stories about Disney’s vindictive personality during the strike and his

Sport Obermeyer Minimum Free Essays

Wally Obermeyer is facing a challenge in accurately forecasting the market response and demand for the upcoming season. Historically, the company founder, Klaus Obermeyer, relied minimally on forecast data, and more on intuition and artistic tastes. In comparison, his son Wally prefers to make decisions based on analytical techniques and information gathering. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Obermeyer Minimum or any similar topic only for you Order Now If Wally’s approach proves successful, it can change how Sport Obermeyer approaches its manufacturing processes, secure its position long-term as the middle- to high-end producer of skiwear, increase profits, and better meet the company’s objective of delivering matching collections to retailers at the same time and earlier in the season. Sport Obermeyer has many challenges to overcome. Forecasting is problematic since production commitments are required in November, but the bulk of the orders are not placed by retailers until the Las Vegas trade show in the following March. Also, the market trends are seasonal, changing frequently, and adding to the difficulty in forecasting. The company cannot postpone production completion dates due to the quota limit on importation of goods from China, where a bulk of its production occurs. Adding further complications to the manufacturing decisions, the company has a new manufacturing facility coming online in Hong Kong, and must determine what products, and how much of those products should be manufactured in each of the facilities. Issues with vendors of raw materials must be addressed. There are long lead times for some vendors, and because of that, excess inventory is maintained in the manufacturing facilities. The company must also maintain a competitive edge with the growing pressure from competitors, specifically Columbia. Sport Obermeyer has relied on a buying committee comprised of key manager to forecast production demands, and make decisions regarding production commitments. Historically, this committee has done fairly well in predicting which styles will be popular, and forecasting has been best for the styles on which agreement was greatest between the committee members. In order to take the greatest advantage of this committee, Wally Obermeyer is utilizing the Delphi method. This method will give Wally the opportunity to determine which members of the committee have the greatest accuracy. While it may not pay off in the immediate decisions, over several years, he will be able to determine which members’ opinions should receive the greatest weight when making production decisions. In the meantime, a decision must be made regarding the upcoming season. Wally should proceed with the minimum order necessary, one-half of the total expected demand for the season (10,000 units), to keep up with production demands. Since the minimum production quantity for a style is 600 units from the Hong Kong facility, Wally should initially only consider production of styles predicted to exceed this limit until the bulk of the order come in following the Las Vegas show. In doing so, the risk of overproducing a style, and being forced to sell it at a deficit will be mitigated. Past data indicates the buying committee’s forecast is accurate within two standard deviations. Using these forecasts, Sport Obermeyer should delay production of the Isis, Teri, and Stephanie styles since they demand is forecasted to be low for them, and proceed with the remainder of the items in consideration (See Table 1 for quantities relating to each style). Forecasting also has difficulties due to the delay in information from retailers regarding which products are most popular. Long-term, and if financially feasible, Sport Obermeyer should consider providing retailers responsible for the majority of purchases of their good with software that will provide Sport Obermeyer with real-time data on sales of its product. By doing so, the company will better be able to predict what items are desired for replenishment orders, and greatly reduce goods sold to South America at prices below manufacturing costs. Furthermore, Sports Obermeyer can approach retailers sooner regarding replenishment orders based upon the data it has collected. If replenishment orders are received sooner, then the cost of shipment is greatly reduced since fewer will require air shipment. Lastly, the company should take an active role in influencing the demand of products it forecasts as being most popular to ensure these items are in high demand. Sport Obermeyer should pressure its sales force to promote these items by providing incentives, such as bonuses, to its personnel. If need be, the company can also provide discounts for large bulk orders to retailers. Lastly, the company should heavily promote these items via advertisements campaigns. Sport Obermeyer needs to be able to keep up with production demand, and in the case the company is overly successful in pushing the styles it predicts to be in highest demand, resulting in Sport Obermeyer needs to be able to meet the production demands generated. The manufacturing facility in China can produce goods much more cheaply than the facility in Hong Kong, but the quality and startup time are inferior to the Hong Kong facility. Obersport, a joint venture of Sport Obermeyer, is responsible for monitoring quality of the raw materials, and coordinating production Sport Obermeyer products in the Far East. Obersport should implement and expand upon its current quality control and quality assurance practices. Sport Obermeyer should pare down the variation in its products to reduce the frequency in changing manufacturing lines resulting in the facility in China being able to complete orders faster. Sport Obermeyer needs to reduce the planning time required for each season. Currently, planning for a season must start two years in advance. This is a hindrance to the company since forecasting data improves as the start of the season being planned for becomes closer. Reducing the number of vendors for raw materials, as well as the variety of styles available will shorten the time for planning. Furthermore, Sport Obermeyer will be ordering more from a few vendors, giving them greater buyer power to negotiate discounts, resulting in increased profits. Reducing the variety in the raw materials used should increase quality in addition to speeding up production. Long-term, after lead time and vendor issues are resolved, Sport Obermeyer should consider spinning off another brand within the company to be marketed separately from its current line. As costs for manufacturing are reduced due to a more streamlined production process, Sport Obermeyer will be better able to compete at the same price point as Columbia. By creating a new brand, the company will not risk reducing the reputation for quality associated with Sport Obermeyer, but will be able to compete directly with Columbia and take part of its market share. This move will increase sales for Sport Obermeyer, as well as limit the growth of Columbia. Furthermore, Sport Obermeyer should consider producing street wear for both the current high-end brand and the lower-end brand that will compete with Columbia. This will expand the markets to which Sport Obermeyer is competing in, and increase visibility of the brands since the clothing will be worn year round. Sport Obermeyer places production orders three times each season. The first order is placed prior to the Las Vegas trade show, the second is placed the week following the trade show, and the third comes at the end of the season when replenishment orders are made. Short-term, until quality and vendor issues are resolved, Sport Obermeyer should place the first order with the Hong Kong manufacturing facility. The labor in the Hong Kong facility is significantly higher than the facility in China, but the quality is better in Hong Kong. Also, the Hong Kong facility is able to produce goods faster. The second order should be placed with the facility in China to take advantage of the markedly reduced labor costs. The third order should be placed in Hong Kong since these orders need to be produced quickly to reduce the use of expensive air shipment in lieu of using an ocean carrier. Long-term, if Sport Obermeyer elects to pursue a spinoff brand, the lower quality product should be manufactured in China to take advantage of the reduced cost of production. The Hong Kong labor force should have increased labor skills by this point, and production output should be optimized. The Hong Kong facility should continue to produce the high-end Sport Obermeyer lines. Even though the cost of production will be greater in the Hong Kong facility, the revenues generated by this facility should be greater since the high-end clothing can be offered at a higher price point. Sport Obermeyer has many problems to address, but with just a few adjustments, they can be rectified. By paring down the variety of options in the lines, quality will be increased. Forecasting is improved by implementing the Delphi method in the Buying Committee, and adding a weighted accuracy measurement to the Committee members in future seasons. Reducing the number of vendors remedies the excessively long lead times, and provides Obersport with buyer power to negotiate discounts. Providing the primary purchasers of Sport Obermeyer products with free software for tracking sales allows Sport Obermeyer to better predict replenishment orders, and eliminates much of the use of air carriers, as well as eliminates overproduction of goods that are sold below manufacturing cost. By creating a second brand, Sport Obermeyer can compete directly with Columbia, and not tarnish the image of quality associated with its current lines. Lastly, Sport Obermeyer can drive sales toward the items it predicts will be popular by offering incentives to sales personnel, large customers, and launching advertisement campaigns to also eliminate overproduction and lost revenues. Table 1: Recommendation of order quantity for each style of Parka considered by the Buying Committee. Since orders had to be placed in Hong Kong where a 600 unit amount is needed, the styles of Isis, Teri, and Stephanie were ignored in the order placement for the first phase of production due to uncertainty of need. Style| Average Forecast| 2SD| k=1| k=0. 9675| Gail| 1017| 388| 629| 642| Isis| 1042| 646| 396*| –| Entice| 1358| 496| 862| 878| Assault| 2525| 680| 1845| 1867| Teri| 1100| 762| 338*| –| Electra| 2150| 807| 1343| 1369| Stephanie| 1113| 1048| 65*| –| Seduced| 4017| 1113| 2904| 2940| Anita| 3296| 2094| 1202| 1270| Daphne| 2383| 1394| 989| 1034| Total| | | 9774*| 10001| | I How to cite Sport Obermeyer Minimum, Essay examples